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The Founding College of the University of Toronto

Some Tools and Rules to Improve Your Spelling

English spelling is notoriously difficult to master for native speakers and language learners alike. Because English developed from several different language families, and because it so easily absorbs new words from other languages even today, the English language has many different ways to spell the same sound and many different ways to pronounce the same spelling. But improving your English spelling is not impossible: with some patience, you will see a noticeable improvement in your spelling by using some techniques that good spellers use.

Use a (good) dictionary.

Though memory aids are useful for memorizing difficult-to-spell words, good spellers never rely solely on memory: they depend on a reliable, up-to-date dictionary. There are many kinds of dictionaries available, both in print and online. Some of your instructors will have strong preferences about spelling conventions (preferring Canadian over American spelling, for example), while others will accept any standard spelling. Most dictionaries identify all standard spellings, but Canadian dictionaries give preferred Canadian spellings before other variants.

An English dictionary designed for English language learners, such as Longman’s Dictionary of Contemporary English or Oxford’s Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, can be very helpful for non-native speakers. These dictionaries give more information and often many more examples of words in context to help students select and use words appropriately.

Be consistent about using British or American spellings in your writing.

In general, Canadians use both British and American spellings. While Canadians generally prefer the British -our ending in words like honour and colour, for example, the American -or endings for these common words are also acceptable. The same is true of the -re/-er endings of words like centre/center and theatre/theater: Canadians generally prefer the British -re, but the American -er is acceptable. On the other hand, Canadians often follow the American convention of using -ize rather than -ise endings for words like theorize or hypothesize, but -ise would not be considered incorrect. The key is to remain consistent in your choices throughout a single document. You should not, for example, combine both -ize and -ise forms in the same document.

Spelling tip: When adding suffixes to words ending in -our, it is customary to drop the u: humorous not humourous; honorary not honourary.

Always check certain "troublesome" suffixes in your dictionary.

Some English suffixes confound even the best spellers. Make it a habit always to check these types of words when you are editing or proofreading your work.

-able or -ible (-ably/-ibly; -ability/-ibility)
responsible / dependable; responsibly / dependably; responsibility / dependability

-ent or -ant
apparent / blatant

-ence or -ance
occurrence / importance

-tial or -cial
influential / beneficial

Create your own "difficult-to-spell" lists.

Many writers and editors keep a list of words that they find difficult to spell correctly on or near their computer while they work. If you notice that you routinely misspell certain words, consider learning from your mistakes by creating your own personal "difficult words" list. Keeping this list close at hand as you write will save you time and probably eliminate many of your common spelling errors.

Learn the standard pronunciations for frequently misspelled words.

Some common misspellings derive not from difficult combinations of letters but from pronunciations that do not reflect the word’s spelling. The word mischievous, for example, is often misspelled because of the common pronunciation "miss CHEEVY us." Learning the standard pronunciation "MISS chiv us" will aid you in properly spelling the word.

Watch out for homophones, near-homophones, and other easily confusable words.

Many English words have identical or similar pronunciations but different spellings. Using the wrong word of a homophone pair is one of the most common spelling pitfalls for all writers. Learn to check these types of commonly misspelled words carefully during your proofreading.

accept/except
discreet/discrete
oral/aural
adverse/averse
elude/allude
palette/palate
affect/effect eminent/imminent populace/populous
altar/alter ensure/insure precede/proceed
boarder/border elicit/illicit prescribe/proscribe
broach/brooch hanger/hangar
principle/principal
callous/callus
illusion/allusion
right/write/rite
casual/causal
incidents/incidence
stationary/stationery
censor/censure
isle/aisle
tenet/tenant
cite/site/sight
its/it's
there/their/they're
climactic/climatic
led/lead
tortuous/torturous
compliment/complement
liquor/liqueur
waver/waiver
conscience/conscious
lose/loose whose/who's
desert/dessert
naval/navel
your/you're

Use your computer spellchecker, but with caution.

A spellchecker can be your first proofreading tool for spelling, as it will catch any combinations of letters that do not form a known English word. But you should never rely exclusively on your spellchecker, because it will miss many incorrectly spelled words that form another English word: a spellchecker will not record who's as a misspelling of whose, for example.

Over-relying on spellcheckers is another danger. You may become less conscious of spelling as you write and revise, and you may consequently lose confidence in your ability to recognize correct spellings. Students who over-rely on spell-checkers suffer particularly during exams, when they do not have access to electronic aids.

You can develop your intuition for correct spelling by turning the spellchecker off and devoting at least one revision to spelling. If you sense that a word may be used incorrectly, look it up. This activity will encourage you to become actively engaged in the process of spelling, which is the only reliable way to improve your spelling skills. You can turn the spellchecker back on at the very end of the process, just to be sure that a spelling error didn't get by you unnoticed. If it did, study the word so that you are less likely to make the same error again.

Become familiar with English spelling rules.

Contrary to common perception, English spelling does often follow certain rules. Becoming aware of these rules can help you avoid some common spelling errors. Many writing handbooks and style guides contain a complete list of spelling rules. Below are four of the most helpful.

Rule 1: i before e except after c, or when sounded like /ay/ as in neighbour or weigh.

  • This simple rhyme helps explain the difference between the spellings of believe (i before e) and receive (except after c). In general, when the long /e/ sound (ee) is spelled with the letters i and e, the order is ie: shield, field, fiend. Common exceptions are leisure, seizure, and weird.
  • When the letters i and e are used in words with a long /a/ sound, they are usually spelled ei: sleigh, feint, heinous.
  • When the sound is neither long /e/ nor long /a/, the spelling is usually ei: their, seismic, foreign. Some exceptions to this rule are friend, sieve, and mischief.

Rule 2: When adding suffixes that begin with a vowel (-able, -ible, -ous, etc.) to words ending in silent e, drop the final e.

  • This rule explains why a word like desire contains an e and a word like desirable does not. Other examples include response responsible, continue continuous, argue arguing.
    We do, however, retain the final e when a word ends in -ce or -ge in order to maintain the distinctive "soft" pronunciation of those consonants:
    notice noticeable, courage courageous, advantage advantageous.
  • For reasons of pronunciation, the final e is also retained in words ending in a double e,
    e.g. agree agreeable, flee fleeing.

Rule 3: When adding suffixes to words ending in y, change the y to an i.

  • This rule explains the spelling shift that occurs in the following word pairs:
    happy happier, plenty plentiful, body bodily.
  • As English spelling does not generally allow an i to follow another i, the y is retained when the suffix itself begins with an i: carry carrying, baby babyish.

Rule 4: When adding suffixes, double the final consonant of a word only if any of the following conditions apply.

  • The final consonant is preceded by a single vowel: bar barred. When there is more than one vowel before the final consonant, the consonant is not doubled: fail failed. When the final consonant is preceded by another consonant, the consonant is not doubled: bark barking.
  • The word has only one syllable or has the stress on the last syllable: fit fitted, commit committed, prefer preferred. For words with more than one syllable where the stress does not fall on the last syllable, the final consonant is not doubled: benefit benefited, offer offered.
  • The suffix begins with a vowel: prefer preferred. But if the syllable stress changes because of the addition of the suffix, then the consonant is not doubled: prefer preference. Final consonants are also not doubled if the suffix begins with a consonant: prefer preferment.
  • If the word ends in l or p, then the consonant is usually doubled in Canadian spelling:
    travel travelled; worship worshipped. Note: American spelling does not follow this rule.

Some Commonly Misspelled Words

accelerate
fiery
pastime
accessible
fluorescent
pejorative
accessory
fluoride
penultimate
accommodate
foresee
perennial
acknowledge
fulfill / fulfil
perseverance
acquaint
government
persuade
acquire
grammar
phenomenon
across
grievous
pneumonia
aficionado
guarantee
Portuguese
aggressive
handiwork
preeminent
amphitheatre
handkerchief
prerogative
anecdote
harass
privilege
anomaly
heinous
pronunciation
apparent
hemorrhage
proverbial
arctic
hygiene
pursue
asphalt
hypocrisy
quandary
auxiliary
idiosyncrasy receive
bachelor
indispensable
remuneration
berserk
inedible
rendezvous
besiege
innocuous
renowned
bizarre
inoculate
repertoire
bookkeeper / bookkeeping
intercede
restaurateur
caffeine
invigorate
rhyme
camaraderie
iridescent
rhythm
Caribbean
irresistible
sacrilegious
category
laboratory
seize
collaborate
leisure
seizure
committee
liaison
separate
concede
manoeuvre / maneuver
sergeant
consensus
mayonnaise
silhouette
corollary
medieval
smorgasbord
curriculum
Mediterranean
solely
deceive
memento
soliloquy
de rigueur
millennium
sophomore
desiccate
minuscule
subtle
dilapidated
miscellaneous
supersede
diphtheria
mischievous
susceptible
diphthong
misspell
synonymous
dissension
non sequitur
tariff
duly
noticeable
tenterhook
dysfunction
nuptial
threshold
ecstasy
occasion
tortuous
embarrass
occurrence
tragedy
exaggerate
offered
Ukrainian
excerpt
ophthalmology
vaccinate
exhilarate
pageant
vacillate
experiential
parallel
vague
February
parliament
weird

Written by Heather Fitzgerald, University College Writing Centre

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